Document Type : Original Article

Authors

• Mohammadreza bagheri ¹
• Negin sadat Tabatabaei ²
• Farzad danesHmand ³

¹ Master's Degree in Corrective Exercises, Kharazmi University, Tehran

² Master student of sport injury and corrective exercise, Faculty of physical education sciences, University of imamreza.mashhad.Iran

³ Azad University assistant professor

Abstract

Oxidative stress plays a significant role in the development and exacerbation of exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD). This condition arises from an imbalance between the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the body's ability to neutralize them with antioxidants. Intense exercise leads to increased ROS production, which can cause tissue damage and impair muscle contractile function. EIMD often occurs after strenuous exercise, particularly eccentric movements, and is associated with muscle soreness, reduced strength, and limited range of motion. ROS are produced during both aerobic and anaerobic exercise and, when excessively elevated, can lead to lipid peroxidation, protein modifications, and increased inflammation. To counteract this, the body utilizes enzymatic antioxidants such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and non-enzymatic antioxidants like vitamins C and E. However, factors such as high training volume, poor nutrition, and environmental stress can exacerbate oxidative stress in athletes. Nutritional strategies, including the use of antioxidant supplements such as vitamin C, vitamin E, polyphenols, and curcumin, as well as a diet rich in fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and omega-3 fatty acids, can help reduce oxidative stress and enhance recovery. Additionally, proper training planning through periodization, management of eccentric exercises, cross-training, and active recovery can effectively mitigate muscle damage. Recent research also highlights the role of gut microbiota in regulating inflammation and oxidative stress induced by exercise, suggesting that nutritional interventions can improve microbial balance. Ultimately, a deeper understanding of the mechanisms of oxidative stress and the application of appropriate nutritional and training strategies can enhance athletic performance and overall health.

Keywords

• Oxidative stress
• Exercise-induced muscle damage (EIMD)
• Reactive oxygen species (ROS)
• Antioxidants
• Athletic recovery.  

Main Subjects

• Pathology and corrective movements